![]() These protection systems (phytosanitary authorities) act by intervening in the absence of phytosanitary documentation (passport for import/export activities), but do not prevent international trade, since, in line with World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, plant health checks cannot become a non-tariff barrier to free trade. citri is not yet present in the European Union (EU), citrus cultivation there enjoys a high degree of protection due to the institutional systems established in the various countries. citri is considered to be a quarantine organism in Europe, for which it is necessary to take preventive measures against the introduction of infected and asymptomatic plant material. Monoclonal antibodies are available for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), but are mostly advised for identification of pure cultures due to low sensitivity. ![]() Immunofluorescence can also be used, but no commercial antibodies have been evaluated. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening test with specific primers, available only for hosts with major economic importance, is the only reliable method for rapid analysis of suspect samples. ![]() citri is difficult, especially from asymptomatic plants or parts of plants. citri, isolating the bacterium from lesions and performing pathogenicity tests on citrus are necessary. Research activities have shown that commercial import and export of plants and plant parts can promote the spread of this pest, raising some concerns. The European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) has reported its presence in many countries in Asia, the Middle East, South and Central America, Oceania, and some regions of the African continent, but not yet in Europe. citri causes evident damage to the epigeal parts of plants (leaves and branches) and, in particular, on fruits, causing them to fall and/or deteriorate, preventing their economic sale. citri” is used to refer to any citrus fruit cancer (hyperplasia) produced by Xanthomonas, whether Asian (X. in the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names, “X. A complete taxonomy of the pest was reported by Graham et al. The former, an agent of Asian citrus fruit canker, is the most widespread worldwide. citri, we distinguished the import and export territories and the type of import material, and formulated a basic hypothesis linked to the positive correlation between commercial dependence on citrus imports from countries of the Mediterranean Basin and potential risk of invasion.Ĭitrus bacterial canker (CBC) is a disease caused by two related but taxonomically distinct bacteria: Xanthomonas citri pv. One possible introduction route is through some ornamental Rutaceae, which are widely cultivated in Mediterranean countries, where they are economically important and have a social impact on the employees involved and the related industries. citri, some pest-specific phytosanitary requirements are foreseen in the case of citrus fruit commercial activities. Therefore, at the moment, to counter the spread of X. citri is currently included in the European Union A1 list (quarantine pests not present in the area) of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). According to the international phytosanitary authority European Food Safety Agency (EFSA), X. citri), an agent of bacterial citrus canker, through international trade activities. ![]() ![]() In this study, we built a basic scenario for risk assessment of the introduction of Xantomonas citri ( X. ![]()
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